Rosetta Stone - The Monument of Ancient Macedonian - Pre-Slavic Script and Language
This paper presents the results of research realized within the project “Deciphering the Middle Text of the Rosetta Stone”, supported by Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2003 – 2005.
Abstract
This paper presents the results of research realized within the project “Deciphering the Middle Text of the Rosetta Stone”, supported by Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2003 – 2005.
In the paper, it is assumed that a syllabic script of the type consonant-vowel was used for the middle text of the Rosetta Stone. Symbols for 27 consonants were identified. By using the procedure of mirroring and rotation in the writing surface (plain), a monosemic (unambiguous) way was determined for connecting the symbol of consonant with 4 or 8 vowels. Although rarely used, the symbols for writing isolated vowels and some consonants were identified. In the analyzed text, the syllabic signs were not only written next to each other, but also they were often written one above the other in the form of what are known as ligatures. A small number of pictographic symbols were also identified.
In the process of the wiring for sound, we started from the fact that sounds for consonants and vowels in a particular language change very slowly in time, eventually within the time period measured by several thousands of years. Consequently, having in mind that the rulers of the ancient Egypt in that period was from Ptolemaic dynasty, and that their homeland was ancient Macedonia, we assumed that sounds of consonants and vowels should be preserved in the archaisms of contemporary Macedonian language. With these identified syllables and their wiring for sound and the definite rules for writing, a monosemic (unambiguous) methodology was generated in order to make out certain words and to read what was written. By applying this methodology in the text, which was written from right to left, without space between the signs, without word’s separation and without separation of sentences, in a continuous sequence of signs, more than 360 different words were identified, as well as respectable number of expressions, which have kept their meaning in some dialects of the contemporary Macedonian language. At a higher level of similarity, certain number of grammatical rules were also identified which are discerned in the contemporary Macedonian language, such as the formation of superlative of the adjectives with the prefix нај_ [nai] (equivalent to the English the …… _est/ the most ……); the plural of nouns by adding и [i] (equivalent to the English _s); the occurrence of definite and indefinite form of nouns, the frequent use of the preposition на [na] (equivalent to the English prepositions on, at,), formation of masculine and feminine forms of nouns, as well as passive and active form of verbs.
At this moment, using our methodology for identification of the syllabic signs and their wiring from sound we are able to read a complete middle text on the Rosetta Stone, with identified boundaries of the particular words, and complete sentences, sign by sign (syllable after syllable). In this paper, besides the examples of important expressions, and grammatical rules, we present the last 11 rows of the text, starting from row 22 up to the last row. We decided to present these particular rows because this part of the text is very characteristic due to the fact that every sentence starts with the phrase (the pharaoh) ordered/decreed, which simplifies the process of comparison between our reading and publicly very well known readings of the ancient Greek text on the stone. Comparison of our results of reading the middle text and known readings of ancient Greek text, published by the British Museum, are also presented in the paper. One can very easily concludes that the two texts, so called demotic and the ancient Greek text are identical only by the contents of the pharaoh’s orders. Within each particular order, the sentences in two compared texts have different structures, which is very logical and it must be expected in each case when we are comparing two identical texts written in two different languages even today. Going further, by carefully analyzing the proposed reading of the middle and ancient Greek text, everyone can conclude that the culture level of communication with particular different ethnical group with different religion was very high. Namely, communication in such case is according to social status and the religion of particular group in those days ancient Egypt. The presented results of deciphering the middle text of the Rosetta Stone points also to the fact that there are many details which cannot be found in the text inscribed in uncial (ancient Greek) alphabet. This conclusion proves the science awareness from the time of Thomas Young (1822) that the middle text was the original. On the basis of our research we can make this knowledge more precise with the conclusion that the pharaoh’s decree from the middle text of the Rosetta Stone in original is inscribed in the language of the ancient Macedonians with letters of the alive (living) masters of that time, i.e. with the official letters and language of the state that had been ruled by them at year 196 BC for more than a century. The language that we are discovering on the middle text is definitely with the characteristics of the Slavic language, and we found every single word that we were able to identify in the text so far in all contemporary Slavic languages as well, in archaic or official version of particular Slavic language. Consequently, we can define this language as Pre-Slavic language.
Keywords: Ancient Macedonians, Pre-Slavic, script, language, Rosetta Stone, Egypt, hieroglyphs, Demotic, Greek
Introduction
The Rosetta Stone is one of the best known textual artifacts from ancient Egypt and has been the object of a great number of studies and much research in the scholarly world of this field. It has its name because the location where it was excavated, that is Rosetta, i.e. El-Rashid in Arabic. In 1802 the Rosetta Stone was moved to England where it still is today and is one of the best-known exhibits at the British Museum in London.
The importance of the Rosetta Stone and the interest it has aroused in the scientific and scholarly world are based on the fact that special decree had been inscribed on it, which, according to contemporary scholarship, was issued by the priests in order to glorify the pharaoh Ptolemy V Epiphany Eucharist one year after his coronation, according to the present-day calendar on 27th March 196 B.C. The special interest arises because this decree was written in three different scripts: in hieroglyphs, in so called demotic script and in the uncial alphabet. On the basis of the text written in the uncial alphabet, in 1822 the well-known French scientist Champollion deciphered the hieroglyphic script using the ancient Egyptian language for wiring for sound, [4], [5], [6].
According to the perceptions of contemporary science [4], [5], [6], as well as the text being written in three scripts, two languages had been used: ancient Egyptian, in the text written with hieroglyphs and in the demotic script, and ancient Greek in the text written in uncial alphabet. The thesis that three scripts and three languages are used on the Rosetta Stone was widely accepted until the beginning of the 20th century, [4]. Due to the difficulties in determining and deciphering the third language, which was used to write the middle text of the stone, in the first decade of the 20th century the thesis that three scripts and two languages were used on the stone began to predominate, [4]. Consequently, current scholarship supports the theory that two scripts: the hieroglyphic and the demotic, were used to inscribe the decree on the Rosetta Stone in ancient Egyptian language [4], [5], [6].
A basic assumption of our research is that in writing the text on the Rosetta Stone three scripts were used, but in three different languages: ancient Egyptian, written with hieroglyphic script, ancient Macedonian, written with demotic script, and ancient Greek written with uncial alphabet. This assumption is based on the fact that the rulers of Egypt in those times were the Ptolemaic dynasty, descend from Ptolemy Soter, general of Alexander the Great, i.e. they were ancient Macedonians. According to the perceptions of a part of contemporary scholarship, [7], the ancient Macedonians used to speak in a language different from the ancient Greek, and it is more than obvious that they had to know how to read and write into their own language. Our assumption is that their script was the script used in the middle text of the Rosetta Stone, which is known today in the scholarly circles under the term of the demotic script. This assumption becomes more logical if the demotic script is taken into consideration in its universal use on the part of the literate people of those times, i.e. it was being used in Persia and Egypt for writing state documents, documents for legal and property issues, scientific texts, poetry and prose [8].
The appearance of the middle text of the Rosetta Stone is shown of Figure 1.
Figure 1 - The appearance of the middle text of the Rosetta Stone
The demotic script has been in the past and is still today a subject of intensive research [4], [5], [6], [9], and it is well known that demotic script is syllabic in character, and each sign represents one syllable of the consonant–vowel type, [4] [5] [6] [9]. It is clear and generally accepted that a syllabic script is in question, but in significant publication, [9], the authors point out that they are not capable to read the variant of the demotic script used in Ptolemaic period sign by sign, although they are able to read the variants of this script used in Egypt before this period. Accordingly, they suggest that the text could be read word after word, additionally assuming an absolute language identity in the forming of sentences, phrases, and all the names of rulers and gods in the text in ancient Egyptian (Hieroglyphs), ancient Egyptian (Demotic) with the ancient Greek text.
In the text that follows, the perceptions and results of our research in analyzing and deciphering the middle text of the Rosetta Stone are presented, starting from the assumption that the text in the demotic script was written in the language of the ancient Macedonians, i.e. in the ancient Macedonian language, but and not in ancient Egyptian language.
In the first section, the basic characteristics of the analyzed script are given, as well as the procedure of wiring for sound of: syllabic signs, of pure consonants, of pure vowels, of few identified pictographic signs, and ligatures.. Unlike the research by the Oriental Institute, Chicago, USA, presented in [9], in our research of the demotic script we start from the basic fact: that is the syllabic script and we consider it sign by sign, i.e. syllable by syllable.
In the second section, by applying the rules for wiring for sound presented in the first section chapter, the following things are presented: the formation of the superlative of adjectives, the method of making the plural of nouns, the formation of definite and indefinite forms of nouns, formation of masculine and feminine of nouns, and passive and active forms of verbs.
In the third section the names of the territories and peoples that we find in the text are considered. We succeeded in identifying what the ancient Macedonians used to call Egypt, both parts of Egypt – Lower and Upper Egypt, as well as the ancient Macedonian name for Sinai. The names of the ethnic groups living in the ancient Egypt are also mentioned in the text.
In the fourth section the names of the ancient Macedonians’ gods are presented. For some of them we managed to figure out their function as gods, too. In the text we also identify the names of some ancient Egyptian gods, in the way they were named in original, in ancient Egyptian. We also manage to identified their names in ancient Macedonian, and we also identified how some ancient Macedonian gods were named in ancient Egyptian.
In the fifth section we present an analysis of what is extremely interesting, and we manage to find in 23rd row of the text. That is, detailed instructions how to arrange the area around the stone. These instructions are not found in the ancient Greek section of the stone. We compare our readings with the archeological evidences obtained from other discovered copies of this pharaoh’s decree in Egypt on different places, presented in [4]. We found 100% correspondence between that what we are obtaining with our reading in this part of text, and what is archeologically evidenced to be the arrangement of the stone’s near area. This is very strong evidence that our proposed methodology of reading is correct, and that the language used in the middle text of the stone is ancient Macedonian language. Another very strong evidence for correctness of our methodology is found in the last row of the text, were an order was given indicating in which temples, in which lands and with what kinds of scripts the decree was to be written. One of the three areas indicated within the order, were the stone should be installed was Egypt’s main (capitol) city in that time, namely Alexandria. According to archeologists not one copy of this stone was found outside the area of Alexandria, [4].
A conclusion is added as last section of the text.
In an included appendix we give, for the first time complete transliteration, and English translation of the last 11 rows of the demotic text, from row 22 till row 32, generated by implementing our methodology for demotic script.
1. Wiring for sound of the identified signs
The relatively wide range of the available text, of about 4700 signs, gives us an opportunity to identify the forms of the signs which are the basis of the script used. The most frequent ones are denoted asymmetrical, symmetrical and inclined (slanting) signs. The main characteristics of the script and the initially identified signs are presented in details in our previous works, [12], [14].
If the basic assumption is that the analyzed text is written in the language of the ancient Macedonians, the determination of the sound characteristics of that language will be realized through the sound features of the domestic population in the Balkan area, as their parent territory. We assume that the sound values of the consonants and vowels, as mostly not liable to changes, have retained the same pronunciation up to the present day.
1.1. Wiring for sound of the syllabic signs
The wiring for sound of the identified syllabic signs can be realized by finding words in the text which have preserved their meaning to the present day in languages or dialects in the Balkan area or farther afield in the European area. In this phase the analysis will, of course, be based on a comparison between words from the text of the Rosetta Stone and archaisms from the dialects of the contemporary Macedonian language. According to this, in the table bellow, we are presenting very basic definition words in an adequate sequence, which we were using for establishing sound values for the identified signs in our previous works, [12], [14].
Table 1 – Definition words for sound value of identified signs (written in Cyrillic)
In the previous table, we give only an excerpt from a much larger number of definition words that we are used to obtain sound value of consonant and assignment of sound value for vowel, which is given with the rotation of initial sign form.
When writing a sound value of the syllable, we use a combination of one capital letter indicating leading consonant, and one small letter for a vowel in the syllable
1.1.1. Wiring for sound of the asymmetrical syllabic signs
Consequently, based on the procedure presented in the previous table, all 13 (thirteen) asymmetrical signs, [14], were wired for sound with corresponding consonants. They are:
The asymmetrical signs Ј [j], and Р [r] in today’s and in the ancient Macedonian script have the same form and the same sound. According to their written form the remaining asymmetrical signs are mutually similar, and in their pronunciation, too, for example the asymmetrical signs Ж [zh], З [z], and Ѕ [dz]. The similarity in writing and in the pronunciation also applies to the asymmetrical signs С [s], Ц [ts], Ч [tch], as well as Ш [sh], andШт [sht]. Each of these 13 consonants on the writing surface (plane) can be written using 8 dispositions and can denote syllables with 8 vowels. All 8 (eight) positions of writing are identified in the text, which means they have been wired for sound with all 6 active vowels in today’s Slavic languages and the long forms of the vowels ọ[oo] and ẹ[ee] which have been preserved in the contemporary Slovenian language [1, 2], as well as in some of the dialects of the Macedonian language (Miyatchki and Vevtchanski, [3]). All forms of the asymmetrical signs with their wiring for sounds are presented in the table 2.
Table 2 - Asymmetrical signs and their wiring for sound
1.1.2. Wiring for sound of the symmetrical syllabic signs
Using the algorithm for definition of sound value presented in Table 1, 6 symmetrical signs were wired for sound. They are:
No more than 4 positions for writing were found for each of the signs wired for sound in the text. The formation of syllables in the corresponding vowels is shown in the table 3, positions 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7, respectively.
Table 3 - Symmetrical and inclined signs and their wiring for sound
In order to form a syllable with the vowel и[i], we identified that the signs of the consonants В[v] and Л[l] were written with the mark for virama and then the symbol for the vowel и[i] was added.
1.1.3. Wiring for sound of the inclined syllabic signs
Unlike the asymmetrical signs, where the vertical line is dominant in the basic sign, in the inclined signs an inclined line is dominant. And for these signs no more than 4 positions for writing were identified. The formation of syllables with corresponding vowels is shown in the table 3, positions 3, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14, respectively. They are:
According to their written form, we would like to notify here a similarity of the form and in their pronunciation too, for the inclined signs Л[l] and Љ[lj], as well as Н[n] and Њ[nj], and,at the end,К[k] and Ќ[kj].
1.1.4. Wiring for sound of the specific syllabic signs
The specific syllabic sign which in form recalls the letter Д[d] in the Cyrillic alphabet was proved by wiring for sound in all its forms, such as:
Apart from our research, the syllabic sign Ди[di] has the same form of wiring for sound in the monograph [10], as well as in glagolitsa, as it is presented in [11].
1.2. Identified syllabic signs and Cyrillic alphabet
The number of identified syllabic signs, presented in table 2 and table 3, is the same with the number of the letters in contemporary Macedonian Cyrillic alphabet. We present short comparison of syllabic signs and Cyrillic letters in Table 4, as follows:
Table 4 – Identified syllabic signs and Cyrillic alphabet
1.3. Wiring for sound of the signs for isolated consonants
The frequent use was noted of some isolated consonants which were wired for sound in the following way:
The pronunciation of the isolated consonant
changes into soft Р[r], sound which we have it even today in the pronunciation of words from the Macedonian language. It should be mentioned here that contemporary scholarship has concluded that it was during the Ptolemaic dynasty that a distinction was made for the first time between the sounds
Л[l] and
Р[r], which was appropriately transferred into the script, i.e. in the analyzed text.
The pronunciation of the isolated consonant
в[v] most frequently occurs in the formation of the syllable with the vowel
и[i], or in the formation of the preposition
во [vo] (equivalent to the English prepositions
in, at), in original
вв [vv] -
.
The inclined line without addition (/ ), denotes the isolated consonant н[n], which is very frequently used in the contemporary Macedonian language.
1.4. Wiring for sound of the signs for isolated vowels
In the analyzed text, most frequently used sign is the vertical line ( | ), which was wired for sound with the vowel и[i]. Besides the use of the vowel и[i] as a conjunction, it is also used at the end of the word for formation of the plural of nouns and adjectives.
The horizontal line (-) was wired for sound with the vowel а[a]. It is also frequently used as a conjunction. The wiring for sound of the identified signs for the vowels is the following:
We must notify here that up until now we didn’t manage to idenify the corresponding sign for the isolated vowel ee[ee].
1.5. Wiring for sound of the pictographic signs
The very frequent occurrence and the place of occurrence of the three vertical lines ||| as a single sign suggest its meaning: БОГО [Bogo]. The same sign, with the identical wiring for sound is found in [10], as well. We prove our conclusion by deciphering 
the adjective Божен [bozhen] (equivalent to English divine), written down using syllabic signs previously formerly wired for sound in form and their superlative form најбожен [naibozhen] 
(in English the most divine).
The three inclined lines occur in a specific construction to define the term СВЕТОСТ [Svetost] (equivalent in English the Eminence), in original inscribed as (from right to left).
That is equivalent to English Master Master.
If for the 
sign we conclude the pronunciation of soft Р[r], then from the analysis of the previous examples of the three inclined lines we can definitely give the wiring for sound of ГОСПОДА[gospoda] (equivalent to English Master).
1.6. Wiring for sound of the ligatures
The signs used for writing ligatures have preserved their sound value: they were mutually connected with the preposition на[na] (equivalent to the English prepositions on, at,), if written one on or one above the other, as in the example (readed from right to left):
Usually the ligatures were written at the beginning of the word, and the word was ended by adding 1 or 2 syllabic signs. In some cases two successive words can be connected with a ligature, which makes the process of the division of words additionally difficult in a continuously written text. Most frequently 2 to 3 signs were used in a ligature.
2. Few grammatical rules
With implementation of previously described wiring for sound of the syllabic signs, isolated consonants and vowels, and procedure for wiring for sound of the ligatures, by reading the demotic text, we identified many grammatical rules, of which almost 20 grammatical rules are identical with grammatical rules in contemporary Macedonian language. In the text below, we are giving, as examples, five of these grammatical rules.
2.1. Writing superlatives of adjectives
Writing the syllabic signs one on the other or one over the other, it is possible to form superlative forms of adjectives in an effective way in those languages which use the prefix нај_ [nai] (equivalent to English the …… _est/ the most ……), for such purpose. In that case the basic form of the adjective was written above the sign for the syllable Jь[jь].
In the analyzed text, more cases of formation of superlative form in this way were identified, and we are giving below some examples of them, such as:
2.2. Plural of nouns
In many Slavic languages, and especially in the Macedonian language, the plural of nouns and adjectives is often formed by adding и[i] at the end of the noun in singular. In the analyzed text, we also identified the formation of the plural in this way, as in the example:
It is very important to mention that in [9], the authors are claming that for forming the plural of nouns a vertical line was added at the end of the word. However, in contrast to our research and findings, the authors treat the sign for vertical line only as a simple mark for the plural. This is completely comprehensible if it is known that according to [9] it is not possible to read the demotic script sign for sign (in accordance with our findings that corresponds to reading/writing syllable for syllable), but is being read word for word.
2.3. Non-defining and defining form of nouns
While reading the analyzed text we identified nouns in the definite and indefinite form, in the singular, as well as in the plural.
The definite article for singular is то[to],and for the plural is та[ta], equivalent in English the.
2.4. Masculine and feminine forms of nouns
We found very interesting form for a title empress mother, as well as defining a title of supreme god and goddess, as follows:
2.5. Active and passive form of verbs
In the text, we identified the verbs in their active and passive form, as follows:
From the previous table, we can conclude that making a passive form of verb in the demotic text is very similar with the way passive form is generated in contemporary Macedonian language, with н[n] at the end of word.
3. Names of territories, peoples, cities and citizens
In the analyzed text we find names of territories and peoples in the corresponding territories.
3.1 Names of territories
Since the text in the stones primarily refers to the territory of Egypt, we find the name of Egypt most frequently, not only when the whole territory of Egypt has to be inscribed, but also the names of Upper and Lower Egypt respectively. In original the name of Egypt is the following:
That is equivalent to English Egypt (beautiful land).
This name comes from the analysis of the pharaoh’s order written in the last line in demotic text, in the part which gave the territories where, in the corresponding temples of certain gods, the stone was to be placed. The analysis of the text in the last line is shown in detail in the previous chapter.
The name of Upper Egypt in original is:
The name of Lower Egypt in original is:
In order to prove that our assertion is correct, that the terms ЃьЗе [gjьze] and ЃbПа [gjьpa]in ancient Macedonian match the terms Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt respectively, a thorough analysis was conducted of the places in the text where in the ancient Greek text these two parts of ancient Egypt are mentioned, and a comparison was made with the places where the two previously mentioned terms were found in the ancient Macedonian text. For instance, the following is written in the 12th row of the demotic text for the terms Lower and Upper Egypt:
(equivalent in English On/Of Lower and On/Of Upper Egypt)
which completely corresponds with the mention of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt in the ancient Greek text.
3.2. Names of peoples
In the analyzed text, while stating the names of the pharaoh’s ancestors, in the 22nd line of the middle text of the stone, the peoples whom they ruled are also mentioned. After the name of the Philopator, for the peoples whom he ruled was written in the original:
Read from left to right:
На ДеНаЈьВе oo На ЃьПаНе
[na denajьve oo na gjьpane]
Which is equivalent in English - To the Danai (the Greeks), ruler of Egyptian from Upper Egypt.
After the names of his grandfather and grand grandfather, in the 22nd row of the demotic text, for the peoples whom they ruled was written in the original:
Read from left to right:
НаДеНаЈьВе oo НаЃьПаМо ДеНаЈьВе oo На ЃьПаНе
[na denajьve oo na gjьpamo denajьve oo na gjьpane]
Which is equivalent in English - To these Danai (the Greeks), ruler of Danai from Upper Egypt (Greeks from Upper Egypt), ruler of Egyptians from Upper Egypt.
It is interesting to consider the third ethnic group besides the Danai and the Egyptians from Upper Egypt, i.e. the Egyptian’s Danai. This means that besides the Danai ethnic group on the Balkans at the time of the first ruler from the Ptolemy dynasty, existed a separate Danai entity on the territory of Egypt. Toward the end of the 11th line in the demotic text this entity is mentioned in the original as:
Read from left to right:
ДеНаЈьВе На ЃьПа
[denajьve na gjьpa]
In English this denotes these Danai from Upper Egypt, by which their territory was determined.
The citizens of Upper Egypt in the text are denoted with following expression:
Read from left to right:
ЃуЬПаЦа
[gjuьpaca]
Which is equivalent in English - The citizens of Upper Egypt.
The citizens of Lower Egypt in the text are denoted with following expression:
Read from left to right:
СееТоНЦа
[seetonca]
Which is equivalent in English - The citizens of Lower Egypt.
In the analyzed text, we found on several places an expression which denotes the Macedonians, as follows:
Read from left to right:
ДеЦа На МоДеА
[deca na modea]
Which is equivalent in English – Children of Great Mother, Supreme Goddess
We also found in the text how the Macedonians from Upper Macedonia were named, as follows:
Read from left to right:
Бого Ка ОО МоПаЦа
[bogo ka oo mopaca]
Which is equivalent in English – God Ka, suppreme, of citizens from Upper land of Great Mother (Mo, of Macedonians)
One can easily detect similarity of terminology used for citizens of Upper Egypt with citizens of Upper Macedonia. In previous example, we found another interesting fact, that God Ka is the supreme god of Upper Macedonians. God Ka has a form of a snake, and it is known as god keeper of home, to whom equivalent is God Lar among Romans.
3.3. Names of cities, citizens and worshipers
We manage to find the names for several cities, as follows:
Read from left to right:
НаЗееБо ПаЛоТоИ; Го ПоТо ЈоМеВе; НаДеА ПоТо; Ь ПоТо; АЃуЬ ПоТо
[na zeebo palotoi go poto jomeve na dea poto ъ poto]
Which is equivalent in English –
Palacies of soul of Zee (Ptah), Memphis,
the City of creator of wolfs, Lycopolis,
the City of Suppreme Goddess, Theba,
the City of soil (land), Ptolemaida,
the Main City of Egypt, Alexandria.
We also identified names of the citizens of certain cities, as follows:
Read from left to right:
НаЗееБоНЦа, НаЗееВооГооНЦа,НаЗееН ЈъНЦа
[nazeebonca, na zeevoogoonca, nazeenjъnca]
Which is equivalent in English –
Citizens of Lower Egypt,
Citizens of soul of Ze (Ptah), Memphis,
Citizens of City of creator, Lycopolis
Young ones of (moon) light.
4. Names of the gods and their functions
In the middle text of the Rosetta Stone we find the names and functions of many gods. As a result of their titles, which literally meant a characteristic of the language and writing of the ancient Macedonians, we were able to identify names of several Egyptian gods even in the original way that they were called in ancient Egyptian. In the analyzed text we also found the names, most probably, of all the gods of the ancient Macedonians.
4.1. Names of the gods for the Ancient Macedonians
According to our research, in the middle text we were able to read the names of most probably all gods of the ancient Macedonians. It is most characteristic that almost all the gods’ names are monosyllabic. Their names and functions are the following:
We concluded the god Ѕе[dze] (by his function god of the summers) was a supreme god because in the text he is addressed very similarly to a pharaoh, i.e. with two epithets in the superlative, in the original it is the following:
Read from left to right:
НаЈьНаЅееИМеНЦа НаЈьЅееИ МоИ НаЗееВе Бого ЛТоИ
[najьnadzeimenca najьdzei moi nazeve bogo ltoi]
Which is
equivalent to English:
The most honorable, the brightest according to our way of saying the god of the summers.
4.2. Names of gods and their functions among the Ancient Egyptians
The style of addressing the Egyptians gods is especially interesting in the text. After the name of the god as he was called in ancient Egyptian, there follows in addition the way he was named in ancient Macedonian. In the original it was written down in the following way:
Read from left to right:
ЃуьПаЦаВе АНаНеЦа Бого А МоИ НаЗeeВе Бого Ли
[gjuьpacave ananeca bogo a moi nazeeve bogo li]
That is equivalent to English: The god Ananetsa of the Egyptians (the god of renovation), according to our way of saying the god Lee,as well as the expression
Read from left to right:
АНаНеТа Бого ЛЧа
[ananeta bogo ltcha]
Which is equivalent to English Ananeta god LTCHa goddess of the light ray/sunrise
In the ancient Greek text these gods were written as Osiris, which corresponds to Ananetsa, and Isis, corresponding to Ananeta. We think that the gods’ names in ancient Egyptian must be different from their ancient Greek names, as well as from their ancient Macedonian names, which is in complete correspondence with the translation of the hieroglyphic text, presented in [4]. This is additionally proved by reading the middle text of the stone, where we find the gods’ names as previously stated.
In this sense, we find in the 23rd row of the middle text the direct proof how ancient Egyptian was referring one ancient Macedonians’ god, as follows:
Read from left to right:
НаАШтee Бого Хoo А ВooИ НаЗeeВе ГосподаЛТо и НаЗeeВе ГосподаЛТо НаРooЦа
[naashte bogo hoo a vooi nazeeve gospodalto i nazeeve gospodalto narooca]
Which is equivalent to English:
Our God Hoo, you adress him The Master and you address him The Master of the scripts hard (The Master of the sacred scripts)
5. Transliteration and English translation of Demotic text
In Appendix A of the paper we present, for the first time, transliteration, and English translation of the last 11 rows of the demotic text from row 22 till row 32. We decided to present only part of the text, simply because the limited length of the paper at a congress. We present especially this part of text, because it is more adequate in sense of partitioning the signs into words and sentences. Easier partitioning of words and sentences is a direct consequence from very frequent usage of the word јьви [jьvi], meaning order (ordered, shall be) equent usage of the word s itioning. of the paper at congress, and especially very similar with makiong a p in English.
At the beginning of the analysis of our results of reading demotic text, we simply counted the number of occurrences of this word in demotic text with the number of occurrences of word order in English translation of ancient Greek text, presented by the British Museum, London, and conclude that these numbers are equal. After that, we start to compare our reading of demotic text with English translation of ancient Greek text sentence by sentence, i.e. order by order. At this stage of analysis, we came to conclusion that two compared text have almost the same content. However, the structures of sentences obtained in demotic text are different from the structures of sentences that we have in ancient Greek text. This is very understandable, and logically, we can say that any one who makes more thorough analysis could easily conclude that in the case of two different languages and texts with same content, such result would be more than expected. We found two cases in which two texts, demotic and ancient Greek are different, and much more these differences are crucial in providing evidences in favor of our methodology, and in assumption that the middle text on the stone is ancient Macedonian text.
First difference between demotic text, and ancient Greek text, appears at row 22/23 of the demotic text comparing with rows 37/38/39 in ancient Greek text. In the demotic text, of which detailed transliteration is presented in Appendix A of this paper, in these rows the pharaoh gives detailed instructions for the arrangement of the near area of the stone installation. Shortly, the pharaoh order that above the stone, the draw (picture) of him should be engraved in stone, behind him his ancestors should be pictured, beside that a stone relief should represent him (pharaoh) how he asks the Goddess Ltcha (goddess of sun ray, Isis) to give him the sword of the land (inanata), and there should be a statue of the God of scripts Hoo, or Thoth in Egyptian mythology. This text is crucial evidence of correctness of our assumption, because it is in direct connection with archeological evidences found in duplicates of the Rosetta stone, namely the Stele of Damanhur, or Stele of Annobairah, as it is sometimes called. In his book, [4], on page 39, Sir W. Budge says: “Immediately above the inscription, and under the Winged Disk, is sculptured a scene in which the king, Ptolemy V, is represented in the act of spearing an enemy, who kneels before him and has his arms tied together at the elbows behind him. Behind the king stands a royal lady wearing disk and plumes of Isis. Facing him is a god who has the feather of Maat upon his head (our comment – may be Hoo??), and is presenting to the king a scimitar of victory. Behind him stands a lioness-headed goddess (Bast?), and behind her are figures of three of the Ptolemies and their Queens, and close to their heads are the cartouches containing their names. These probably represent the parents, grandparents and great-grandparents of Ptolemy V”. This was a general scheme of decoration from the Stele set up in honor of Ptolemy III and Ptolemy IV as well.
Second substantial difference between demotic and ancient Greek texts appears in the last row of demotic text when pharaoh, according to our reading, lists the territories where the stone should be installed within the corresponding temples of God Snake of the Delta, God of Aswan, and ours God. In the demotic text, we found that the pharaoh orders for the stone to be installed in temples in the main city of Egypt, which was Alexandria in that period and in Sinai and Israel as well. In his book, [4], on page 46, Sir W. Budge says: “If they took care that a hard stone tablet inscribed with the Decree in Greek, Demotic, and hieroglyphs was set up in all the temples of the first, second, and third orders in Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt, a very considerable number of copies would have to be made. But it is very doubtful if their decision was carried into effect literally, for the only two complete copies of the Decree inscribed on stela known to us are those of Rosetta and An-Nobairah. No copy of the Decree has been found at Thebes or Abydos, or even at Memphis, and it seems as if the priests contented themselves with setting up copies of it in the towns of the Delta, which lay at no great distance from Alexandria, the seat of the Government of the Ptolemies.” Again, according to our reading the conclusion is straightforward, no stela should be found outside the area of Alexandria, because that was the order of the pharaoh, to be set up only in Alexandria.
Conclusion
The basic assumption of our analysis was that in the middle text of the Rosetta Stone a syllabic script of only the consonant – vowel type is used, with the assumption that the pronunciation of the consonants and vowels are the same as in the contemporary Macedonian language. This assumption means a new direction in studying the demotic script and syllabic scripts from that period, unlike the concept of current scholarship of the wiring for sound of only the syllabic signs with consonants, while at the same time ignoring the vowels.
The research to date has resulted into identification and wiring for sound of the syllabic symbols for 27 consonants and 8 vowels. Near half of the consonants (13) are denoted using asymmetric signs which can be in 8 positions on the writing surface (plane) and in that way syllables of one consonant with 8 vowels can be written in a monosemic (unambiguous) way. The remaining consonants are denoted using symmetrical or slanting signs which can take 4 positions on the writing surface (plane) and thus write syllables of one consonant and 4 vowels in a monosemic (unambiguous) way. Some of these consonants make the fifth syllable with the vowel и [i] by using a sign for an isolated consonant (virama) and next to it writing on a vertical line, which is the sign for и [i]. Of the 8 necessary signs for pure vowels, 7 signs have been identified for writing of isolated vowels, of which the signs for и [i] and for а [a] are most frequently used. For writing isolated consonant a virama was used, for frequently used isolated consonant н[n] an inclinde line is used, whereas for isolated consonant њ[nj]two inclined lines are used.
Besides writing the signs one next to another, the signs were also written one over another or one on another, where the sound value of the basic signs was not changed, but they were interconnected with the preposition на[na] (equivalent to English prepositions on, at) (ligatures). The frequent use of the preposition на [na] is even today a characteristic of the Macedonian language.
Wiring for sound of the basic signs of the analyzed text and defining the noted rules for the writing of ligatures was carried out by an iterative procedure of singling out and recognition of about 360 words and lot of these have preserved their meaning in some dialects of the contemporary Macedonian language.
Although we do not consider that we had found out all the secrets of the analyzed script and moreover learnt the used language, according to the presented results we can say that the middle text of the Rosetta Stone was written in a script and language of the masters of Egypt at that time, i.e. ancient Macedonians.
At this moment, using our methodology for identification of the syllabic signs and their wiring for sound we are able to read a complete middle text on the Rosetta Stone, with identified boundaries of the particular words, and complete sentences, sign by sign (syllable after syllable). In this paper, besides the examples of important expressions, and grammatical rules, we present the last 11 rows of the text, starting from row 22 up to the last row. One can very easily compare our readings of this part of demotic text and corresponding part of ancient Greek text, and it will come to the conclusion that the two texts, so called demotic and the ancient Greek text are identical only by the contents of the pharaoh’s orders. However, sentences in two compared texts have different structures, which is very logical and it must be expected in each case when we are comparing two identical texts written in two different languages, even today. Going further, by carefully analyzing the proposed reading of the middle and ancient Greek text, everyone can conclude that the culture level of communication with particular different ethnical group with different religion was very high. Namely, communication in such case is according to social status and the religion of particular group in those days ancient Egypt. The presented results of deciphering the middle text of the Rosetta Stone points also to the fact that there are many details which cannot be found in the text inscribed in uncial (ancient Greek) alphabet. This conclusion proves the science awareness from the time of Thomas Young (1822) that the middle text was the original. On the basis of our research we can make this knowledge more precise with the conclusion that the pharaoh’s decree from the middle text of the Rosetta Stone in original is inscribed in the language of the ancient Macedonians with letters of the alive (living) masters of that time, i.e. with the official letters and language of the state that had been ruled by them at year 196 BC for more than a century.
The language that we are discovering on the middle text is definitely with the characteristics of the Slavic language, and we found every single word that we were able to identify in the text so far in all contemporary Slavic languages as well, in archaic or official version of particular Slavic language. Consequently, we can define this language as Pre-Slavic language.
This text refers to the same event as the two other texts on the stone, but no identity should be sought and the identity cannot be founded. We say this because we have concluded, by deciphering the order written in the last line of the text that the records were written in scripts and languages of 3 social circles, the Supreme Priests, Alive Masters and the Danai. The script and the language of the ancient Macedonians was the official script and language of the Macedonian Empire or as it is known in contemporary scholarship, the ‘script and language in which the laws and the official documents were written.’ The mistake in current scholarship is that to learn the middle text of the Rosetta Stone it prefers the ancient Egyptian language (called new Egyptian in the available literature) and the area of Egypt, but not ancient Macedonian language and the area of the Balkans.
References
[1] Irena Ceklin Bačar, et al, Slovenščina – jezik na maturi: za slovenščino – jezik v četrtem letniku gimnazijskih programov: zbirka nalog za ponovitev jezikovne snovi, (str. 90–92), Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga, Slovenija, 2004.
[2] Marja Bešter, Martina Križaj Ortar, Marija Končina, Mojca Bavdek, Mojca Poznano-vič, Darnika Amrbož, Stanislava Židan, Na pragu besedila – učbenik za slovenski jezik v 1 letniku gimnazij, strokovnih in tehniških šol, (str. 30–34), Ljubljana, Tiskarna Mladinska knjiga, d.d., Založba Rokus, d.o.o., Slovenija, 2004
[3] P. Hendriks, The Radozda-Vevcani Dialect of Macedonian, Lisse 1976, PdR Press Publications on Macedonian 1
[4] W. Budge, Sir, The Rosetta Stone, reprint Dover Publications, NY, USA, 1989, originally published by Religious Tract Society, London, UK, 1929
[5] R. Parkinson, Cracking Codes: The Rosetta Stone and Decipherment, University of California Press, CA, USA, 1999
[6] S. Quirke and C. Andrews, Rosetta Stone: Facsimile Drawing with an Introduction and Translations, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York, USA, 1989
[7] C. Thomas, Ed., Makedonika: Essays by Eugene Borza, Regina Books, Claremont, CA, USA, 1995
[8] Encyclopedia Britanica, page 232 (Demotic Language and Writing), London, UK, 1967
[9] Demotic Dictionary Project, Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, USA, 2005.
[10] G. S. Grinevič, Praslavjanskaja pismenost, Moskva, Rusija, 1993 godina.
[11] Staroslavjanskij slovar (po ru¬ko¬pi¬som X-XI ve¬kov), Mos¬kva, Ru¬ski ja¬zik, Rusija 1994.
[12] T. Boshevski, A. Tentov, Tracing the Script and the Language of Ancient Macedonians, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Contributions XXVI 2, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, 2005
[13] Grčko-hrvatski ili srpski rječnik, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, SFRJ, 1983
[14] T. Boshevski, A. Tentov, Tracing the Script and the Language of Ancient Macedonians, Vth International Conference The Origins of Europeans, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2007
Appendix A – Transliteration and English translation of the Demotic text
Click to enlarge
Readed from left to right:
ДеЦа Мо Јь КеВ Мо НаЈь КоПо Ме Зее БоВеЗе И На ВеВеТо Жо И На ДеНаЈьВе ОО НаЃьПаНе ДеЦа Мо Јь КеВ Мо НаЈь КоПо Ме Зее
In English:
He is a blood of the Children of the Great Mother, he is in best sky city of the Great Mother, my (moon) light, he is giving his soul for the homeland (Philopator) and protector first to the Danai, the ruler of the Egyptians, He is a blood of the Children of the Great Mother, he is in the best sky city of the Great Mother, my (moon) light,
Click to enlarge
Readed from left to right:
ЖееЉуПаИТо На ДеНаЈьВе ОО НаЃьПа Мо ДеНаЈьВе ОО НаЃьПаНе ДеЦа Мо Јь КеВ Мо НаЈь КоПо Ме Зее ЅеИ И На ДеНаЈьВе
In English:
The Wishes realize (benefactor), to the Danai, the ruler of the Danai from the Upper Egypt, the ruler of the Egyptians, He is a blood of the Children of the Great Mother, he is in best sky city of the Great Mother, my (moon) light, the one who sees best (Adelphoi), to the Danai,
Readed from left to right:
ОО НаЃьПа Мо ДеНаЈьВе ОО НаЃьПаНе ДеЦа Мо Јь КеВ Мо НаЈь КоПо Ме Зее ЈьНаКоВьКеВооН И На ВеВеТоН И НаИ На ВеВеТоН
In English:
the ruler of the Danai from the Upper Egypt, the ruler of the Egyptians, He is a blood of the Children of the Great Mother, he is in the bst sky city of the Great Mother, my (moon) light, the Hero of centuries(Soteres), the bests of the homeland and the bests of the homeland
Readed from left to right:
И На КоКеВе Бого МоИ
In English:
and to the houses of my gods (the temples)
Click to enlarge
Readed from left to right:
ЈьВи БьДе НаШиНаВеЗе НаЛоЗее ВВ Ши НаЈь НаЅее ИМеНЦа НаЈьЖееВеНу ТоЈь БогоМо ДиВеЈееИ ьПоТо Л НаШиЌа Јь Мо НаЗееВеН НаНЗее На ЃуьПаЦаВе
In English:
Ordered (decreed, shall be) to be embroidered on stone into the stone the Pharaoh the ever living (ethernal) he whom gods admired from the city of earth the lord of the stone, he is called by the great mother the necklace of the necklaces to the Egyptians from Upper Egypt
Readed from left to right:
ЈьВи НаШьНаВеН НаЛеА НаЈьЖееВеНу ТоЈь БогоМо ДиВеЈееИ НаИА Јее ИШТее ИНаНаТа НаМоМе НаЈьЖееВеНу ТоЈь БогоМо ДиВеЈееИ На ЗееН Не
In English:
Ordered (decreed, shall be) to be made on stone the statue of the ever living (ethernal) he whom gods admired how he ask from the goddess of the sun spark (Isis) the knife of the land to the Ananetsa (Osiris), the ever living (ethernal) he whom gods admired,
Readed from left to right:
На ДеНаЈьВе На ЗееН Не На ЗееН ЈьНЦа ДеЦа НаЛоЗее ВВ Ши ьПоТо Мо НаЛеА Бого Де ОО
In English:
to the Danai of the moon (light) the leader, to the young of the moon (light) children. The picture into the stone of the city of the earth, the statue of the city’s main god (protector)
Readed from left to right:
НаЛеа НаЗееВооГо Ње НаАШТее Бого Хоо А ВооИ НаЗееВе ГосподаЛ(Р)То И НаЗееВе ГосподаЛ(Р)То НаРооЦа
In English:
The statue of called him ours God Hoo and you called him the Master and called him the Master of the scripts hard
Readed from left to right:
Воо Ке Ѕе Л Јь НаШьВеИ НаВьЈоо Мо Зе А ВооИ НаЗееВе ГосподаЛ(Р)То И Жо ВеЊе НаЗееБоНЦа А Жо На ЗееН ЈьНЦа
In English:
The sun like Dze and it is in the temples of the my greatest Ze and you call him the Master and he is protector of the buildings of the citizens of the town of the spirit of Ze (Ptah), Memphis, as well as the protector of the young of the (moon) light
Click to enlarge
Readed from left to right:
ЈьВИ Мо ШеМоИ НаЗееИВе ВВ ШиИ А ВооИ НаЗееВе ГосподаЛ(Р) И НаЗееВе ГосподаЛ(Р) НаРооЦа НаЗееА ??? КаНаЈее БоЈуИ
In English:
Ordered (Decreed) to the our priests to pray to the stones, and you call him the Master and call him the Master of the scripts hard to the first (moon) light ??? invite their souls
Readed from left to right:
ЈьВИ ЈьТу наШиЌа НаПаСее Мо Ѕе Воо НаДеНаЈьВе Воо Мо
In English:
Ordered (Decreed) to thаt master of the stone to the upper one of everything mine Dze, sun of the Danai, mine sun
Readed from left to right:
ЈьВИ НаШьВе НаВоА ВоЈоо Ѓуь Јь НаЈьНаНЗее Зе Жо Ѕе ВооЈь Мо Ча
НаШьВе НаМоДеЈиИ ЈьКоПо МеЗее Мо НаРооЦаТо НаШТее ИМо НаАТаТо И МоЈь ЈуМоИ НаЅееА Зе
In English:
Ordered (Decreed) to temple of the first water of this Egypt the most necklace of necklaces bright, protector this Dze my spark light, temple of the deities of great mother, he is in heavenly city mine (moon) light our scripts hard of my father and mine [jumoi] of the first light (dawn, daybreak, sunrise) the young sun (Ze, Ptah)
Click to enlarge
Readed from left to right:
ЈьВИ ОО НаАТаТо Ѕе На ВеВе Јь Шо ТоМо НаЈь НаЅее ИМеНЦа НаЈьЖееВеНу ТоЈь БогоМо ДиВеЈееИ ЗеТо ьПоТо Л НаШиЌа Јь Мо НаЗееВеН НаНЗее На ЃуьПаЦаВе НаЈьЖееВеНу ТоЈь БогоМо ДиВеЈееИ ДеЦаМо НаЈь НаЅее ИМеЊИВе НаЈьБоЖееНа ДиВе Бого НаВьЈоо МоЈее ИМо НаЈьКоПо МеЗее БоВеЗе И НаВеВеТоН ДеЦаМо СеКи МоЃе НаВооЈоо ВооИ НаЗееВе ГосподаЛ(Р) И НаЗееВе ГосподаЛ(Р) НаРооЦа
In English:
Ordered (Decreed) to the Lord of the Father, Dze of the homeland (state), he is [sho] to the pharaoh, the ever living (ethernal) he to whom gods admires, Ptah (the god of the rising son, Ze, Horus), from the city of the soil, the chief of the stone, it is called by the great mother necklace of necklaces of the Egyptian from Upper Egypt, the ever living (ethernal) he to whom god admires, child of these pharaohs, the most divine, she admires the greatest our god, the name (wife, miss) of the one who is in best sky city, my (moon) light, (the late one), one who gives his soul and to the homeland (state) (Philopator), children are every men and women of this one you called him the Master and called him the Master of the scripts hard (Thoth)
Readed from left to right:
ЈьВИ ОО НаЅееАТо Мо ВооЈь ШеМо Л И ДеЦа НаМоДеА и СеКи МоЃе НаВооЈоо Ѓуь И НаДеНаЈьВе Мо НаРооЦаТо НаАШТе И НаЈьВе Бого Ѓа И Јь И Жо ОО НаАТаТо Мо НаЈьКоПо МеЗее На Ве И НаЃьПа
In English:
Ordered (Decreed) to the Lord of the my first (sun)light (dawn), that priest, as well as children of Great Mother Supreme Goddess and every man of that Egypt and to Danai, pray to our hard scripts and to best workman God Gja (god of the war), and he is first protector of: the father, who is in best sky city (late), my (moon) light, workman and Upper Egypt
Click to enlarge
Readed from left to right:
ЈьВИ ОО НаАТаТо Мо СеКи МоЃе ьПоТо Л НаШиЌа Јь Мо НаЗееВеН НаНЗее На ЃуьПаЦаВе ДеЦа И НаВе На ЃьПаНе И Жо ЗеТо НаЃьЗее НаДеЗее Мо СеКи МоЃе ВооЈь Ѓу И ДеЦа ВооЈоо Јь ИМо Зе НаЈьЗееН НаРоИА
In English:
Ordered (Decreed) to the Lord of the Father of mine, every his men, from the city of the soil, the chief of the stone, it is called by the great mother necklace of necklaces of the Egyptian from Upper Egypt, children and workman of the Egyptians from Upper Egypt, first protector the bright one of Lower Egypt, to the deity of (moon) light of mine, is every men of this Egypt and children of this bright name, brightest of the House of the land
Click to enlarge
Readed from left to right:
ЈьВИ ОО НаЅеВеА Уж На ВооЈоо Л НаЈь НаЅее ИМеНЦа Н Ѓа НаБоВеЏоо НаЈьKa Бого Уж, НаВе И Н НаЛ(Р)оЗее Н Ѕе ВооЈоо НаЈьНаНЗее Зе А НаНаШьВе А Мо На ЅеВеА уЖ И НаВооЈоо А ВеВе ЛуЃе Мо СеКи МоЃе А МоЌе И Ве НаБоВеЏоо НаЈьВе Бого Уж И Јь На ЃьПаЦа ВеВе ЛуЃе ВооЈоо СеКи МоЃе
In English:
Ordered (Decreed) to the top of the crown cobra to this Pharaoh, our solder of the soul of the animals, the greatest snake God Snake (Uzh), to cut into the drawing of Dze, of this most necklace of necklaces bright, and into the temples of my crown cobra (snake), and to this first state citizens are every my mighty men, mine of the soul of the animals the greatest God Snake (Uzh), and it is of the state of the Egyptians every of my men.
Readed from left to right:
ЈьВИ Воо Ѕе НаЗееВе Сее Уж (Змија) НаЃьПа МоЈь НаШьВеЊе Ѕе Ве Мо НаЅеВеА Уж И НаЃьПа
In English:
Order this Dze to be called Snake (Uzh) of Upper Egypt of mine, temple’s buildings bright belongs to the Crown’s Snake and Upper Egypt
Click to enlarge
Readed from left to right:
ЈьВНе А НаАТаТо НаЈьНаЅееИМеНЦа НаВеНеТо НаШТееН ЛТо НаЗееБо ПаЛоТоИ И Жо НаШьВе НаЛеА А Мо НаШьА НаЈьНаНЗее Зе А НаМеИВоо СееТоНЦа МоИ НаПаНЏоо НаДеЈи Ро
In English:
We order for the father Pharaoh birthday to come every summer in the soul of Ptah (Ze, Horus) palaces (Memphis) and to protector of temple statue of ours great mother the most necklaces of necklaces to pray, my people of Lower Egypt, for festival of deities of the house
Click to enlarge
Readed from left to right:
ЈьВИ Уж НаШиЌа А Мо Н НаШиНаВеЗе Л РоВе А На УСееНе Уж БоЈу НаШиЌа Мо ЅеВе Уж И ВооЈьНаШьВе Господа Ве ЅеВоо НаЅеВеА Уж Јо НаШьА ИРо Ѓа НаРаМееВе ДеЦа НаЛоЗее НаИА
In English:
Order snake of the head of stone, and my great mother, to embroider on stone, sign of house, and on top a snake in a color of the head of stone, my lord snake, and this temple of master builder the sun of crown snake is ours heroes soldiers on children’s shoulders draw of our land.
Click to enlarge
Readed from left to right:
ЈьВИ Уж НаШиЌа Мо НаБоВеЏоо НаЈьKa Бого Уж БооЃа НаПаИА ТоИ Л Н НаЛоЗее Је НаЈьБе НајКа Ѓе КаНаЈее МоЈь И Л НаСиЖееИНЦа ШТее МоЛ ВеВе ЛуЃе Мо СеКи МоЃе НаВооЈоо
In English:
Order snake of the head of stone, my give soul to animal’s, greatest snake god Snake, soul of soldier of the Upper Land is he, as well as it is draw the youngest, best men, he invite brightest our name, and assembly of prophets to pray for the people of state every man of this one.
Click to enlarge
Readed from left to right:
ЈьВИ Уж НаШиЌа Ѓа НаБоВеЏоо НаЈьKa Бого Уж Н Ѓа НаПаИА ТоИ Л КаНаЈее НаЈьНаЅее ИМо Јь И НаЛоЗее НаЃуН НаВеН Л ГооТу Зе Јь И И НаИ НаВоВе На МоМе НаЈьНаЅееИМеНЦа НаДеНаЈьВе Зе На РаМеВе НаВеН НаЗееН ЈьНЦа ТоЈь НаАТа Господа Зе НаРеИ На ЃьПаНе ЅеИ Бого МоЛИ ТоЈь И Жо НаЈьВе ВооЈ МеЈее 18 НаЈьНаЅееИМеНЦа НаВеНе. На ЃьПа НаДеЗе НаЗееН ЈьН, Зе НаРооЦаТо НаШТее НаАТаТо МоИ На ЖееВе ГосподаЛТо Мо НаИЦееВе Воо ДаМо Зе На ВеЌе Воо Зе Јь ШеМо НаЈьНаЅееИМеНЦа НаИЦее НаИСееМе Мо ДеЦа Воо НаЦееЈеЦа МоИ НаПаНаНЏоо На ДеЈи Ро На НаШьВе НаЈьВе Мо На ГосподаА ЈуКуТоИ НаЛеТо НаРооЦаТо НаШТее КаНаЈе НаЗее НаВеЌе Зее Л МоИ НаЗееВе ГосподалИ На ЗееН ЈьНЦа СееТоНЦаИ
In English:
Order snake of the head of stone, give soul to animal’s, greatest snake god Snake оf soldier of Upper Land is he, invite brightest name he is and draw of a great mother (of Egypt, beauty) to be made, of the creator, she is a first and most to water and builder of my pharaoh of the Danai bright. On the shoulders of young ones of the (moon) light to made (a picture) of him, master of (my) father, (inscribed) with scripts bright of Egyptians, how he pray the God, (first) protector of this 18 Meie, birthday of the pharaoh. He is a hope of Upper Egypt’s young of (moon) light, a bright hard scripts ours, of the father and the Living Masters, my most respected ones, to pay homage to bright of centuries he is a priest of (the) pharaoh, most respected, best family, children of leader of [cejeca]. On a festival of deities of the house (family), in temple of greatest great mother first mistress of the Yukui people, (with) our hard scripts we invite bright of a century, also known as masters of young ones of a (moon) light, the people of Lower Egypt.
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Readed from left to right:
ЈьВИ НаШьВе СеКи ЊуСе НаШьВеИ Ѕее НаДеЈуМо ВооЈоо Ѓуь НаШьА НаЈьНаНЗее Зе На МеИ НаМоДеА И НаРооЦаТо НаШТее И НаРооЦаТо НаШТее И Па КаНаЈее НаЗее МоЈь И Жо На МеИ НаПаЏоо ЛуЊе Јь Ча
In English:
Order: in temple everyone to bring into the temples of Gods of the people of wolf of this Egypt. Our most necklace of necklaces bright, of mine’s of the great mother first goddess, and of our hard scripts, and of our hard scripts, and at the end, invite, of the (moon) light first protector of mine’s, of the lord of animals, his follower, is of the sun sparkle.
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Readed from left to right:
ЈьВИ НаГоЦее Зе МоЖо И ВооЈь НаЈееЦа МоЖо И НаЈьНаЗееИБоНЦа Мо НаЗееВе ГосподаЛИ
In English:
Order to respected creator bright, and this man of [jeeca], and to people of Memphis, we call them masters.
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Readed from left to right:
ЈьВИ НаШьВе НаРооЦаТо НаШТее НаАТаТо МоИ НаЗееВе ГосподаЛИ ДеЦа На ЗееН ЈьНЦа СееТоНЦаНе НаЈь НаЅее ИМеНЦа НаЈьЖееВеНу ТоЈь БогоМо ДиВеЈееИ ЗеТо ьПоТо Л НаШиЌа Јь Мо НаЗееВеН НаНЗее На ЃуьПаЦаВе КаНаЈее Зее ЈуЃе ЈьНЦа И НаЈьСеИ И ЈуКуИ ЈеДеИ НаШееМеЧа ИНе ЈьЛоИ Жо НаШьВе СеКи ЊеСе НаШьВеИ Ѕее На Де ЈуМо ДеЦа ВооЈоо Ѓуь НаЈьНаШиЌа НаМе ИМо ШеМоИ НаШьА МоИ НаЗееВе ГосподаЛИ На ЗееН ЈьНЦа И НаЗееВе ГосподаЛ НаРооЦа
In English:
Order into temple with our scripts of the father, to we call masters of children of young ones of (moon) light these peoples of Lower Egypt, pharaoh, for ever living, he whom gods admires, from the city of soil, lord of stone, great mother call him necklace of necklaces of these peoples from Upper Egypt, invite bright young peoples of wolves, and [najsei] and [jukui] ones to eat our meals and their meals, and for the (day) of the protector of the temple everyone to bring it into temples bright of the gods of people of wolves, children of this Egypt. Best lord of stone, of my name, our priests we call them masters of young ones of (moon) light and we call him master of hard scripts
Readed from left to right:
ЈьВИ НаШьНаВеН НаЗееАМо ШеМоИ ьПоТо Л НаШиЌа Јь Мо НаЗееВеН НаНЗее На ЃуьПаЦаВе А Јь И Мо НаДеЈи И НаЅееА Зе А ШеМо
In English:
Order to be written in stone that priests should be called priests of one from the city of soil, lord of stone, great mother call him necklace of necklaces of these peoples from Upper Egypt, and they are as well, of my deities and of first sun ray’s (dawn’s) Ze (Ptah, Horus), priests.
Readed from left to right:
ЈьВИ ВооИНе А НаМоМее Господа Ши А ГооИНе НаЈьВе Зе Ѓуь На ВеЌе
In English:
Order to yours, and on stone of my master, to these builders, best workmans, Ze (Ptah, Horus) of Egypt for centuries.
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Readed from left to right:
ЈьВИ ВооИ МоИ НаПаНаНЏоо НаДеЈи ШеМо ьПоТо Л НаШиЌа Јь Мо НаЗееВеН НаНЗее На ЃуьПаЦаВе НаВе СеКи НеЈьТу ВооИ ЈьИЛО НаНеЌе СаМоЈь И Јь Мо Сее НаКееНИ
In English:
Order to yours, for my priest of a festival of deities, to my priest ofone from the city of soil, lord of stone, great mother call him necklace of necklaces of these peoples from Upper Egypt, to make every month your’ s heavenly meals, and it is everything of [keeni].
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Readed from left to right: ЈьВМо На ЃьПа СаМо ЅееИ НаРеИ МоЖоИ ЖееВИ Ќе Јь И Жо НаЃуН
In English:
We order only on Upper Egypt script bright, to my live men that he is first protector of Beauty (great mother of Egypt),
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Readed from left to right:
ЈьВИ ОО НаАТаТо Воо Зе НаВеЌе Зе Мо СеКи МоЃе На ВооЈоо ь ПоТо Л НаШиЌа Јь Мо НаЗееВеН НаНЗее На ЃуьПаЦаВе ШьРоВь НаЃьПаМо НаВеЈь Ѕе Л И
In English:
Order lord of the father this Ze (Ptah, Horus) of centuries, Ze (Ptah, Horus) of mine, every man of this one from the city of soil, lord of stone, great mother call him necklace of necklaces of Upper Egypt, to make (embroider) Upper Egypt’s ornaments (decorations) of the sun, as well as
Readed from left to right:
ЈьВИ НаШьВе Мо НаРооЦаТо НаШТее ИМо На АТаТо И НаШьА ИРо КаНаЈее ЖееЈуВе
In English:
Order to temple of great mother (in) our hard scripts, of my father, (to) invite our living heroes.
Readed from left to right:
ЈьВНе НаЃьПа УМо ЗеТо На ЃьЗе НаЈьНаНЗее НаШьНаВеН Мо НаШьА НаЗееН ЈьНЦа ОО НаШиЌа ь ПоТо Л НаШиЌа Јь Мо НаЗееВеН НаНЗее На ЃуьПаЦаВе Ѕе Воо НаШьА НаЈьНаНЗее ЅеА
In English:
We order: of Upper Egypt the mind bright, of Lower Egypt the most necklace of necklaces, to be made on stone our great mother, of young ones of (moon) light, lord of the lord of stone. The one from the city of soil, lord of stone, great mother call him necklace of necklaces of Upper Egypt, this one (the) sun, most necklace of necklaces, sun.
Readed from left to right:
А На НаШьВе ЈьВи И Воо НаШьВеИВеН А НаШьВеИ Бого Змија О На УЗее Бого Е НаАСуН Бого НаШооИН Зее А ВооИ НаИЦее На АЃуь ПоТо ВооИ НаиЦееВе НаСиНаЈооСееИВе ВооИ НаИЦееВе То Бого НаВьЈоо Јоо НаТьНаНИ
In English:
And to temple order to make on stone, and to put into temples of: God Snake of Delta, God of Aswan, God of Ours of (moon) light, in yours most respected Main (Capitol) city of Egypt (Alexandria in that period), yours most respected all of Sinai, yours most respected that greatest God of ThNaNi (in Hebrew this word means the promised land).
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Readed from left to right:
ЈьВи БьДе НаШиНаВеЗеНе –МоИ НаЗееВе ГосподаЛ(Р)То ИЃе МоИ НаЗееВе ГосподаЛ(Р)И И НаПаЈь МоИ НаЗееВе ГосподаЛ(Р)Та НаЖееВе НаЈьНоМо НаДеНаЈьВе НаРеИЦа ВВ Ши ЦаТо – НаЈьНаЅееИМеНЦа Жо И Бе, Ча НаНаШееИМе
In English:
Order to be embroidered on stone with my called him the master of my call them masters, after that with my living masters, and at the end with Danai’s scripts, into stone hard (granit). The Pharaoh, protector and descendant, sun spark of our name.
NOTE:
In the previous text we present transliteration and English translation of the rows 22 till 32, in the following manner:
- We write the original “demotic” text, using original identified signs, with separation of word and sentences, denoting with cartouches like shapes the name of ancestors of pharaoh, as well as his name and surname;
- We write the same text in Cyrillic alphabet, as it is obtained by applying our methodology, in today’s usual form of writing texts, i.e. separated words and using punctuation signs, but read from right to left. When writing every syllable, we use with purpose a combination of one capital letter indicating leading consonant / isolated consonant / vowel, and one small letter for appropriately vowel in the syllable ;
- After that, we are presenting the same reading in Cyrillic alphabet, but read from left to right, as it is usual today;
- At the end, we are giving English translation of the text.
